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作者:徐海博
单位:河北医科大学第二医院呼吸与危重症医学一科
# 一、插管设计 #
图源:Respir Care. 2017 Aug; 62(8):1007-1013.
图源:Med Devices (Auckl), 2021, 14:287-297.
# 二、气道管理 #
目前基于CO2检测的自动漏气监测设备,能够自动优化气囊压力,选择最小压力。由于气囊上下存在明显的CO2分压差,如果在气囊上能够测到CO2,就认为气囊存在漏气,此时设备会自动补给一定的气囊压,以使其达到最佳。还有RCT研究使用基于声门下测量CO2水平的自动气囊压力控制,结果显示气囊压分布相对稳定,漏气比例也很低,对于预防VAP有很好的效果[16, 17]。
在密闭式吸痰条件下,吸引时间越长,负压越大,医源性误吸发生风险越高。迄今为止也没有证据表明密闭式吸痰比开放式吸痰在预防VAP方面更具优势。一项Meta分析共纳入15项研究,VAP(8项研究1272例患者)和死亡率(4项研究106例患者)方面未发现显著差异,动脉血氧饱和度(5项研究109例患者)、动脉血氧分压(2项研究19例患者)和分泌物去除(2项研究37例患者)尚无结论;与开放式吸痰相比,密闭式吸痰气管内抽吸显著降低了心率的变化和平均动脉压的变化,但增加了定植,而且密闭式吸痰似乎比开放式吸痰费用更高[19]。
# 三、其他 #
研究显示,与不使用PEEP相比,使用PEEP能够降低VAP发生率[21]。不同的PEEP和气道峰压(PIP)不会改变液体泄漏或气道压力下降[22]。因此,PEEP对于预防VAP可能有效。
# 四、小结 #
参考文献
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作者简介
河北医科大学第二医院呼吸与危重症医学一科 副主任医师
河北省医师协会呼吸医师分会秘书
THORAX杂志青年编委
参编著作3部,发表SCI 2篇
获得发明专利1项
参与国家级及省部级课题多项
主要研究方向:急性呼吸窘迫综合征
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