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作者:刘凯雄
单位:福建医科大学附属第一医院呼吸与危重症医学科
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重症PJP患者的病死率在50%以上。德国ICU住院PJP患者病死率为58%,其中实体器官移植患者病死率更是高达78.9%[5]。中日友好医院与北京协和医院联合开展的一项回顾性研究发现,ICU中非HIV重症PJP患者的病死率高达75.6%,其中79.2%的患者为结缔组织病,而此类患者通常病情都较重;在死亡患者中,纵隔气肿比例高达23.17%[6]。
02
1909年,Chagas首次在豚鼠中发现肺孢子菌,认为是克氏锥虫一种。1910年Carini在大鼠肺组织中发现肺孢子菌。1912年,Delanoe夫妇将其鉴定为新的原虫,并命名卡氏肺孢子/囊虫(Pneumocystis carinii)。1976年,Delanoe提议将其改为耶氏肺孢子菌(Pneumocystis jirovecii,PJ),以纪念捷克寄生虫学家耶诺维奇(Jirovecii)。1988年,Edman发现其核糖体RNA与真菌类似,提出分子水平PJ属于真菌。2001年,在机会性原生生物国际研讨会上,正式将PJP代替PCP,之后文献越来越多采用PJP。
PJ主要有包囊(感染型)和滋养体(繁殖型)两种形态,滋养体为可变多形体,有细足和伪足形成,类似阿米巴;包囊呈圆形,直径4~6 μm,囊壁内含有囊内小体(或称子孢子),完全成熟的包囊内一般为8个,包囊是重要的诊断形态。PJ多寄生于肺泡腔(滋养体、包囊前期和包囊期),成熟包囊进入肺泡后破裂,囊内小体脱囊后发育为滋养体,滋养体紧贴肺泡上皮寄生,增殖,包囊多位于肺泡中央[7]。PJ可以通过气溶胶和人传人进行传播,ICH为PJ的主要宿主[8]。
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在高度怀疑PJP的情况下,G试验有助于明确诊断。若G试验结果≥80 pg/ml,诊断PJP的敏感性为69.8%,特异性为81.2%,阳性预测值为34.6%,阴性预测值为95.2%。若G试验结果≥200 pg/ml联合PCR阳性,诊断PJP的敏感性为70%,特异性为100%,阳性预测值为100%,阴性预测值为52.0%[23]。最新荟萃分析纳入23项研究,显示G试验诊断PJP的敏感性为91%,特异性为79%,其中HIV患者敏感性为94%,非HIV敏感性为86%;若G试验阴性,PJP可能性小[24]。对于送检的血标本或呼吸道标本,也可以采用PCR,每1 ml送检样本超过1450个病原体,PCR的诊断价值较高。不同研究显示血清PCR的敏感性>70%[25, 26]。
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北京协和医院的一项研究报道,NPPV在重症PJP患者中使用率低,即使使用,其失败率也高达83.3%[31]。因此对于重症PJP患者,在有插管指征的情况下一定要尽早插管,以免延误病情。目前有关ECMO在重症PJP患者中的应用研究例数较少。一项研究纳入了接受ECMO治疗的31例PJP患者,其中6例HIV患者,其他为接受免疫抑制治疗患者,总体存活率为31%。该研究发现,清醒ECMO的临床获益优于插管ECMO[32]。较多患者在撤离ECMO后死亡,因此对于接受ECMO治疗的PJP患者抗PJ的疗程可能需要延长。
德国一项为期10年的单中心回顾性研究中共有18例PJP患者接受ECMO治疗,结果显示,非HIV PJP患者的总体存活率仅为8.3%,而HIV PJP患者的存活率为50%[33],1/3患者成功撤离ECMO后仍有75%死亡。因此,ECMO治疗重症PJP仍需要更多的经验积累。
在PJP的治疗药物中,复方磺胺甲噁唑为首选。欧洲白血病抗感染委员会(ECIL)关于非HIV感染血液科患者PJP治疗指南[34]推荐的一线治疗为磺胺甲噁唑+甲氧苄啶(5:1)TMP/SMX(首选治疗),TMP推荐剂量为15~20 mg/kg,SMX剂量为75~100 mg/kg;建议早期静脉或口服、足疗程用药。
目前卡泊芬净在PJP治疗中的地位多为体外研究文献支持,人体研究通常为小样本观察性研究,临床上卡泊芬净多与复方磺胺甲噁唑联用。《抗菌药物超说明书用法专家共识》也提到卡泊芬净联合磺胺甲噁唑/甲氧苄啶可能是治疗PJP的有效方案之一[35]。PJP在滋养体期没有β-1,3葡聚糖,因此卡泊芬净对于滋养体期的PJ是无效的。PJP合并曲霉的感染发生率较高。国内一些大型医疗中心卡泊芬净的使用率为40%~50%。武汉大学人民医院对于肾移植后PJP的治疗,100%采用卡泊芬净联合磺胺甲噁唑/甲氧苄啶[36]。
磺胺类药物的母体为对氨基苯磺酰胺(磺胺,SN),最早是合成偶氮染料的中间体。1908年已经被合成,但当时无人注意到其医疗价值。直至1932年,德国多马克发现含有磺胺结构片段的磺胺柯定(盐酸盐为百浪多息,KI-730,世界上第一款商业化的合成抗菌药),可使鼠、兔免受链球和葡萄球菌的感染,于次年报告了第一例用百浪多息治疗葡萄球菌引起的败血症,并获得1939年的诺贝尔生理学和医学奖,引起了世界范围的广泛关注。
复方磺胺甲噁唑是磺胺甲噁唑和甲氧苄啶(5:1)组成的复方制剂,磺胺甲噁唑与PABA结构类似,结合二氢叶酸合成(DHPS)基因位点从而抑制DHPS的生成。甲氧苄啶抑制二氢叶酸还原酶,可使细菌的四氢叶酸的合成受到双重阻断,使磺胺药的抗菌作用增强数倍至数十倍,甚至出现杀菌作用,并延缓耐药性的产生。这两个组分构成双重阻断叶酸代谢,疗效大大增强。复方磺胺甲噁唑静脉制剂的达峰速度快,药物浓度高,对于病情危重、无法口服药物的患者,可采用静脉给药。磺胺甲噁唑和甲氧苄啶的半衰期一致,协同性较好。
复方磺胺甲噁唑的副作用包括:①皮疹:发生率低,一旦发生皮疹,应立即停用。严重皮肤不良反应包括史蒂文斯-约翰逊综合征(SJS)、中毒性表皮坏死松解(TEN)和系统症状药疹(DRESS);②血小板减少:多为免疫介导,停药1周后多可恢复;③肝毒性:免疫介导,与基因有关,HIV感染发生率为16.4%;④骨髓抑制;⑤磺胺结晶阻塞肾小管:用药时需充分水化,保证尿液>1500 ml,尿pH>7.15。
如何安全地静脉滴注复方磺胺甲噁唑?稀释和静脉滴注要点包括:①稀释25倍,4 h之内使用;②缓慢静滴,至少滴注60~90 min;③5%葡萄糖稀释优于0.9%氯化钠(更大的溶解度、更低的渗透压)。若患者重症,限水,建议至少稀释到150 ml,静脉滴注比较安全。肌酐清除率>30 ml/min,复方磺胺甲噁唑可以正常剂量使用;肌酐清除率在15~30 ml/min,减半使用;肌酐清除率<15 ml/min,一般不推荐使用。
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*本文根据“呼吸危重症菁英秀”第二十七期专题视频整理,感谢刘凯雄医师予以审核。
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