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单位:国家呼吸医学中心 中日友好医院 呼吸与危重症医学科
一、聚合酶抑制剂 二、蛋白酶抑制剂 三、卡莫司他
SARS-CoV-2通过ACE2受体进入宿主,并通过丝氨酸蛋白酶(TMPRSS2)激活刺突蛋白S[22]。卡莫司他通过抑制TMPRSS2阻止病毒进入宿主细胞。阿联酋ICU的一项回顾性研究发现卡莫司他治疗组患者机械通气率、升压药物使用率均显著低于对照组,卡莫司他治疗组患者的ICU病死率低于对照组(9.9% vs. 26.5%)[23]。由于这是一项回顾性研究,其循证医学证据强度较RCT研究弱,但也具有一定的提示作用,这也是目前较少的专门针对ICU患者的抗病毒药物研究。
四、单克隆抗体
COVID-19患者sIgG水平与病情严重程度密切相关,且具有时间依赖性,单克隆抗体通过直接结合SARS-CoV-2来阻止病毒进入靶细胞,而且竞争ACE2结合的单克隆抗体的抑制性优于竞争非ACE2结合的单克隆抗体[24]。
礼来公司的Bamlanivimab于2020年7月获得FDA紧急授权,但由于迅速的耐药报道,于2021年2月撤销了针对该药的紧急授权。Bamlanivimab+Etesevimab(中国科学院+礼来公司)联合方案发布后再次获得紧急授权。
但最近一项研究发现,所有的单克隆抗体均对原始毒株显示良好的抗病毒效应,部分单克隆抗体可对Omicron BA.2和BA.5产生较好的抗病毒效应,没有任何一个单克隆抗体可对Omicron BQ1.1或XBB产生抗病毒效应[19]。因此,当前流行的BQ1.1和XBB变异株具有更强的免疫逃逸能力。
五、恢复期血浆 六、NIH抗病毒治疗推荐 七、小结 参考文献 [1] Wang Y, Zhang D, Du G, et al. Remdesivir in adults with severe COVID-19: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicentre trial[J]. Lancet, 2020, 395(10236):1569-1578. [2] Spinner C D, Gottlieb R L, Criner G J, et al. Effect of Remdesivir vs Standard Care on Clinical Status at 11 Days in Patients With Moderate COVID-19: A Randomized Clinical Trial[J]. JAMA, 2020, 324(11):1048-1057. [3] Beigel J H, Tomashek K M, Dodd L E, et al. Remdesivir for the Treatment of Covid-19-Final Report[J]. N Engl J Med, 2020, 383(19):1813-1826. [4] WHO Solidarity Trial Consortium, Pan H, Peto R, et al. Repurposed Antiviral Drugs for Covid-19-Interim WHO Solidarity Trial Results[J]. N Engl J Med, 2021, 384(6):497-511. [5] Xie Y, Yin W, Zhang Y, et al. Design and development of an oral remdesivir derivative VV116 against SARS-CoV-2[J]. Cell Res, 2021, 31(11):1212-1214. [6] Zhang R, Zhang Y, Zheng W, et al. Oral remdesivir derivative VV116 is a potent inhibitor of respiratory syncytial virus with efficacy in mouse model[J]. Signal Transduct Target Ther, 2022, 7(1):123. [7] Shen Y, Ai J, Lin N, et al. An open, prospective cohort study of VV116 in Chinese participants infected with SARS-CoV-2 omicron variants[J]. Emerg Microbes Infect, 2022, 11(1):1518-1523. [8] Cao Z, Gao W, Bao H, et al. VV116 versus Nirmatrelvir-Ritonavir for Oral Treatment of Covid-19[J]. N Engl J Med, 2023, 388(5):406-417. [9] Jayk Bernal A, Gomes da Silva M M, Musungaie D B, et al. Molnupiravir for Oral Treatment of Covid-19 in Nonhospitalized Patients[J]. N Engl J Med. 2022 Feb 10;386(6):509-520. [10] Merck and Ridgeback Biotherapeutics Provide Update on Progress of Clinical Development Program for Molnupiravir, an Investigational Oral Therapeutic for the Treatment of Mild-to-Moderate COVID-19[OL].https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20210415005258/en/ [11] Yu B, Chang J. Azvudine (FNC): a promising clinical candidate for COVID-19 treatment[J]. Signal Transduct Target Ther, 2020, 5(1):236. [12] Ren Z, Luo H, Yu Z, et al. A Randomized, Open-Label, Controlled Clinical Trial of Azvudine Tablets in the Treatment of Mild and Common COVID-19, a Pilot Study[J]. Adv Sci (Weinh), 2020, 7(19):e2001435. [13] Furuta Y, Gowen BB, Takahashi K, et al. Favipiravir (T-705), a novel viral RNA polymerase inhibitor[J]. Antiviral Res, 2013, 100(2):446-454. [14] Hung DT, Ghula S, Aziz JMA, et al. The efficacy and adverse effects of favipiravir on patients with COVID-19: A systematic review and meta-analysis of published clinical trials and observational studies[J]. Int J Infect Dis, 2022, 120:217-227. [15] Tao K, Tzou P L, Nouhin J, et al. SARS-CoV-2 Antiviral Therapy[J]. Clin Microbiol Rev, 2021, 34(4):e0010921. [16] Boras B, Jones R M, Anson B J, et al. Preclinical characterization of an intravenous coronavirus 3CL protease inhibitor for the potential treatment of COVID19[J]. Nat Commun, 2021, 12(1):6055. [17] Hammond J, Leister-Tebbe H, Gardner A, et al. Oral Nirmatrelvir for High-Risk, Nonhospitalized Adults with Covid-19[J]. N Engl J Med, 2022, 386(15):1397-1408. [18] Hiremath S, McGuinty M, Argyropoulos C, et al. Prescribing Nirmatrelvir/Ritonavir for COVID-19 in Advanced CKD[J]. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol, 2022, 17(8):1247-1250. [19] Imai M, Ito M, Kiso M, et al. Efficacy of Antiviral Agents against Omicron Subvariants BQ.1.1 and XBB[J]. N Engl J Med, 2023, 388(1):89-91. [20] Arbel R, Wolff Sagy Y, Hoshen M, et al. Nirmatrelvir Use and Severe Covid-19 Outcomes during the Omicron Surge[J]. N Engl J Med, 2022, 387(9):790-798. [21] Wong C K H, Au I C H, Lau K T K, et al. Real-world effectiveness of early molnupiravir or nirmatrelvir-ritonavir in hospitalised patients with COVID-19 without supplemental oxygen requirement on admission during Hong Kong's omicron BA.2 wave: a retrospective cohort study[J]. Lancet Infect Dis. 2022 Dec;22(12):1681-1693. [22] Hoffmann M, Kleine-Weber H, Schroeder S, et al. SARS-CoV-2 Cell Entry Depends on ACE2 and TMPRSS2 and Is Blocked by a Clinically Proven Protease Inhibitor[J]. Cell, 2020, 181(2):271-280.e8. [23] Sakr Y, Bensasi H, Taha A, et al. Camostat mesylate therapy in critically ill patients with COVID-19 pneumonia[J]. Intensive Care Med, 2021, 47(6):707-709. [24] Lucas C, Klein J, Sundaram M E, et al. Delayed production of neutralizing antibodies correlates with fatal COVID-19[J]. Nat Med, 2021, 27(7):1178-1186. [25] Li L, Zhang W, Hu Y, et al. Effect of Convalescent Plasma Therapy on Time to Clinical Improvement in Patients With Severe and Life-threatening COVID-19: A Randomized Clinical Trial[J]. JAMA, 2020, 324(5):460-470. [26] Simonovich V A, Burgos Pratx L D, Scibona P, et al. A Randomized Trial of Convalescent Plasma in Covid-19 Severe Pneumonia[J]. N Engl J Med, 2021, 384(7):619-629. [27] Joyner M J, Carter R E, Senefeld J W, et al. Convalescent Plasma Antibody Levels and the Risk of Death from Covid-19[J]. N Engl J Med, 2021, 384(11):1015-1027. [28] Sullivan D J, Gebo K A, Shoham S, et al. Early Outpatient Treatment for Covid-19 with Convalescent Plasma[J]. N Engl J Med, 2022, 386(18):1700-1711. [29] Libster R, Pérez Marc G, Wappner D, et al. Early High-Titer Plasma Therapy to Prevent Severe Covid-19 in Older Adults[J]. N Engl J Med, 2021, 384(7):610-618. [30] Korley F K, Durkalski-Mauldin V, Yeatts S D, et al. Early Convalescent Plasma for High-Risk Outpatients with Covid-19[J]. N Engl J Med, 2021, 385(21):1951-1960. [31] Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Treatment Guidelines[EB/OL].https://www.covid19treatmentguidelines.nih.gov/ 作者简介
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