[1] BARTLETT R H, GATTINONI L. Current status of extracorporeal life support(ECMO) for cardiopulmonary failure[J]. Minerva Anestesiol, 2010, 76(7):534-540.
[2] SHEHABI Y, CHAN L, KADIMAN S, et al. Sedation Practice in Intensive Care Evaluation (SPICE) Study Group investigators: Sedation depth and long-term mortality in mechanically ventilated critically ill adults: A prospective longitudinal multicentre cohort study[J]. Intensive Care Med, 2013, 39(5):910-918.
[3] BALZER F, WEIß B, KUMPF O, et al. Early deep sedation is associated with decreased in-hospital and two-year follow-up survival[J]. Crit Care, 2015, 19(1):197.
[4] TREGGIARI M M, ROMAND J A, YANEZ N D, et al. Randomized trial of light versus deep sedation on mental health after critical illness[J]. Crit Care Med, 2009, 37(9):2527-2534.
[5] ARROLIGA A, FRUTOS-VIVAR F, HALL J, et al. International Mechanical Ventilation Study Group: Use of sedatives and neuromuscular blockers in a cohort of patients receiving mechanical ventilation[J]. Chest, 2005, 128(2):496-506.
[6] KOLLEF M H, LEVY N T, AHRENS T S, et al. The use of continuous i.v. sedation is associated with prolongation of mechanical ventilation[J]. Chest, 1998, 114(2):541-548.
[7] MULLA H, LAWSON G, VON ANREP C, et al. In vitro evaliation of sedative drug losses during extracorporeal membrane oxygenation[J]. Perfusion, 2000, 15(1):21-26.
[8] BUSCHER H, VAIDIYANATHAN S, AL-SOUFI S, et al. Sedation Practice in Veno-Venous Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation: An International Survey[J]. ASAIO J, 2013, 59(6):636-641.
[9] MARHONG J D, DEBACKER J, VIAU-LAPOINTE J, et al. Sedation and Mobilization during Venovenous Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation for Acute Respiratory Failure: An International Survey[J]. Crit Care Med, 2017, 45(11):1893-1899.
[10] Extracorporeal Life Support Organization(ELSO) General Guidelines for all ECLS Cases[EB/OL]. https://www.elso.org/Resources/Guidelines.aspx
[11] ERSTAD B L, PUNTILLO K, GILBERT H C, et al. Pain management principle in the critically ill[J]. Chest, 2009, 135(4):1075-1086.
[12] SKELTON P A, LILLYBLAD M P, ECKMAN P M, et al. Clinical outcomes associated with sedation and analgesia in patients supported with venoarterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation[J]. Int J Artif Organs, 2020, 43(4):277-282.
[13] Patel M, Altshuler D, Lewis T C, et al. Sedation requirements in patients on venovenous or venoarterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation[J]. Ann Pharmacother, 2020, 54(2):122-130.
[14] DEGRADO J R, HOHLFELDER B, RITCHIE B M, et al. Evaluation of sedation, analgesis, and neuromuscular blocking agents in adults receiving extracorporeal membrane oxygenation[J]. J Crit Care, 2017, 37:1-6.
[15] RAND A, ZAHN P K, SCHILDHAUER T A, et al. Inhalative sedation with small tidal volumes under venovenous ECMO[J]. J Artif Organs, 2018, 21(2):201-205.
[16] CIES J J, MOORE W S, GILIAM N, et al. Medication absorption into contemporary extracorporeal membrane oxygenation circuit[J]. Perfusion, 2018, 33(8):624-629.
[17] HAHN J, YANG S, MIN K L, et al. Population pharmacokinetics of intravenous sufentanil in critically ill patients supported with extracorporeal membrane oxygenation therapy[J]. Crit Care, 2019, 23(1):248.
[18] MUELLEJANS B, MATTHEY T, SCHOLPP J, et al. Sedation in the intensive care unit with remifentanil/propofol versus midazolam/fentanyl: Arandomised, open-label, pharmacoeconomic trial[J]. Crit Care, 2006, 10(3):R91.
[19] SPIES C, MACGUILL M, HEYMANN A, et al. A prospective, randomized, double-blind, multicenter study comparing remifentanil with fentanyl in mechanically ventilated patients[J]. Intensive Care Med, 2011, 37(3):469-476.
[20] YANG S, NOH H, HAHN J, et al. Population pharmacokinetics of remifentanil in critically ill patients receiving extracorporeal membrane oxygenation[J]. Sci Rep, 2017, 7(1):16276.
[21] Martin N J, Peitz G J, Olsen K M, et al. Hydromorphone compared to fentanyl in patients receiving extracorporeal membrane oxygenation[J]. ASAIO J, 2021, 67(4):443-448.
[22] DE PINTO M, JELACIC J, EDWARDS W T, et al. Very-low-dose ketamine for the management of pain and sedation in the ICU[J]. J Opioid Manag, 2008, 4(1):54-56.
[23] MAYBAUER M O, KOERNER M M, MAYBAUER D M, et al. Perspectives on adjunctive use of ketamine for analgosedation during extracorporeal membrane oxygenation[J]. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol, 2019, 15(5):349-351.
[24] JAKOB S M, RUOKONEN E, GROUNDS R M, et al. Dexmedetomidine vs midazolam or propofol for sedation during prolonged mechanical ventilation: two randomized controlled trials[J]. JAMA, 2012, 307(11):1151-1160.
[25] MACLAREN R, PRESLASKI C R, MUELLER S W, et al. A randomized, double-blind pilot study of dexmedetomidine versus midazolam for intensive care unit sedation: patient recall of their experiences and short-term psychological outcome[J]. J Intensive Care Med, 2015, 30(3):167-175.
[26] ZHOU Y, JIN X, KANG Y, et al. Midazolam and propofol used alone or sequentially for long-term sedation in critically ill, mechanically vventilated patients: a prospective, randomized study[J]. Crit Care, 2014, 18(3):R122.
[27] LEMAITRE F, HASNIN, LEPRINCE P, et al. Propofol, midazolam, vancomycin and cyclosporine therapeutic drug monitoring in extracorporeal membrane oxygenation circuits primed with whole human blood[J]. Crit Care, 2015, 19(1):40.
[28] IIDA A, NAITO H, YORIFUJI T, et al. Factors affecting the absorption of midazolam to the extracorporeal membrane oxygenation circuit[J]. Acta Med Okayama, 2019, 73(2):101-107.
[29] MYERS G J, VOORHEES C, EKE B, et al. The effect of Diprivan(propofol) on phosphorylcholine surfaces during cardiopulmonary bypass-an in vitro investigation[J]. Perfusion, 2009, 24(5):349-355.
[30] LAL A, NABZDYK C, RAMAKRISHNA H, et al. Consider heightened awareness of propofol infusion syndrome after extracorporeal membrane oxygenation(ECMO) decannulation[J]. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth, 2020, 34(8):2174-2177.
[31] DALLEFELD S H, SHERWIN J, ZIMMERMAN K O, et al. Dexmedetomidine extraction by the extracorporeal membrane oxygenation circuit: results from an in vitro study[J]. Perfusion, 2020, 35(3):209-216.
[32] GEORGIOU E, HADJIBALASSI M, LAMBRINOU E, et al. The impact of pain assessment on critically ill patients’ outcomes: a systematic review[J]. Biomed Res Int, 2015, 2015:503830.
[33] ARBOUR C, BSC R, GÉLINAS C, et al. Impat of the implementation of the critical-care pain observation tool (CPOT) on pain managment an clinical outcomes in mechanically ventilated trauma intensive care unit patients: a pilot study[J]. J Trauma Nurs, 2011, 18(1):52-60.
[34] Rose L, Haslam L, Dale C, et al. Behavioral pain assessment tool for critically ill adults unable to self-report pain[J]. Am J Crit Care, 2013, 22(3):246-255.
[35] BARR J, FRASER G L, PUNTILLO K, et al. Clinical practice guidelines for the management of pain, agitation, and delirium in adult patients in the intensive care unit[J]. Crit Care Med, 2013, 41(1):263-306.
[36] RAHU M A, GRAP M J, FERGUSON P, et al. Validity and sensitivity of 6 pain scales in critically ill, intubated adults[J]. Am J Crit Care, 2015, 24(6):514-523.
[37] DZIERBA A L, ABRAMS D, BRODIE D, et al. Medicating patients during extracorporeal membrane oxygenation: the evidence is building[J]. Crit Care, 2017, 21(1):66.